Prince Charles, CHOGM, and the next Head of the Commonwealth

     Prince Charles took yet another step in his apprenticeship as his mother’s heir. 

     On November 15th, the day after he celebrated his 65^th birthday, he opened the 2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Colombo, Sri Lanka in the place of the Queen, who is Head of the Commonwealth.

     CHOGM has its origins in the First Colonial Conference of 1887, at which there was a gathering of the leaders from the self-governing dominions within the British Empire. From

Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, 1944.
Image Source: Library and Archives Canada

1907, they became known as Imperial Conferences, but as the dominions became independent, the word “imperial” was dropped, and from 1944 to 1969, the meetings became known as the Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Conference. Through the 1960’s the rapid process of decolonization resulted in an influx of former colonies becoming Commonwealth members – many of them with elected presidents or hereditary monarchs of their own, which meant that the term “prime ministers’” no longer applied to some leaders. The result was that the meetings – which had been held in London – began to rotate to other Commonwealth cities beginning with Singapore in 1971, and in that same year, the name was changed for the last time to the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. 

     The purpose of the meetings is to discuss critical issues affecting individual member states and the wider Commonwealth, and to create common policies and solutions to deal with them. Among the issues brought up at this summit were the concerns over human rights in Sri Lanka, as well as electoral crisis in the Maldives.

     With regard to Sri Lanka, the island nation has been dogged by allegations of human rights abuse during and after its 27 year civil war, which ended in 2009. The government has been particularly accused of war crimes against the ethnic Tamil population in the northern part of the island, as well as intimidating journalists. President Mahinda Rajapaksa has denied such allegations, but has refused international inquires, believing that such investigations are an intrusion into domestic affairs. Commonwealth leaders from Canada, Mauritus, and India - the largest Commonwealth country - boycotted the summit in protest, but others such as British Prime Minister David Cameron have opted to engage with Sri Lanka in addressing such issues. South Africa's president, Jacob Zuma, shared lessons on political and social reconciliation to the government, citing his own country's work toward reconciling its black majority and white minority. 

     In doing what Prime Minister Cameron and President Zuma did, they showed how these summits can be used resolve critical issues, as well as to provide a forum for addressing the core values and goals of the organization, and to renew the traditional bonds between these countries of the old Empire.

     At the summits, there are two main sessions: the executive sessions and the retreats. Executive sessions are formal business gatherings for the heads of government at which notes are taken and a wide group of people take part and/or observe. Retreats are informal gatherings at which only the heads of government, their spouses, and one other person (security, personal aide, other government official, etc.) may attend, and it is here where the attendees can speak frankly and openly without advisors, so that issues may be resolved. 

     Also at CHOGM meetings are cultural and social events designed to involve the local population of the host country, as well as civic society organizations such as the Commonwealth Family that help to forge better links and greater understanding among Commonwealth peoples. There are also other meetings outside of the regular proceedings, such as the gathering of foreign ministers (officials in charge of foreign policy), the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group, and Commonwealth Business Council.

Head of the Commonwealth

     The Prince of Wales’s presence at the CHOGM is significant because it is the first time that he has represented the Queen in her role as Head of the Commonwealth at these meetings, which the Queen has not missed since 1971.

     Back then, she missed that meeting on the advice of British Prime Minister Edward Heath because of a dispute over Britain 

The Queen attending the 2011
CHOGM in Perth, Australia.

selling arms to South Africa. This time, Palace officials stated back in March that the Queen’s absence was the result of reviewing “long-haul” traveling taken by her. It was, probably for the first time, an acknowledgment that the Queen’s advancing age will limit her capacity to carry out certain engagements, especially ones that require traveling over long distances. This does not necessarily mean that the Queen will never again travel to destinations such as Australia and Canada, but it does mean that trips that were once taken without reservation are now going to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis, and that other members of the royal family will be expected to deputize for her. 

     For Prince Charles, it was his highest profile appearance in the Queen’s stead. It continued a "transitioning" process by which the Prince performs more of the Queen's ceremonial duties, and it took place at the organization that the Queen holds dear to her heart: the Commonwealth of Nations. Elizabeth regards this role as one of her most important, as she and the Commonwealth have grown together. She takes the role seriously and has a passionate interest in Commonwealth affairs. As such, she has been credited as being the glue that has kept the organization – comprising 53 countries and 2.245 billion people – together for the past six decades.

The Commonwealth of Nations. The organization spans all of the continents and covers over 11,566,870 square miles, almost a quarter of the land area across the world. It has an estimated population of 2.245 billion, almost a third of the world population, and in 2012, it produced a nominal GDP of $9.767 trillion, representing 15% of the world GDP when measured in purchasing power parity (PPP). When taken as a whole, the Commonwealth represents the second largest nominal GDP and GDP PPP in the world.

     Born from the days of Empire, the Commonwealth was gradually created as colonies gained self-governance

No crowns or royal shields. The Commonwealth flag
represents the fact that the Commonwealth is not a
hereditary Crown institution, and that being
Head of the Commonwealth is separate and
distinct from that of being monarch.

and independence from London. Up to 1949, British monarchs evolved from being the unitary head of the Empire to being the head of state of all independent countries within the British Commonwealth of Nations. In that year, Ireland voted to become a republic, an action which automatically severed its membership in the organization, and India was expressing republican sentiments as well, but did not want to break all ties with the British monarch and the other Commonwealth countries. This resulted in new membership criteria being drawn up in London which allowed members to be republics, so long as they recognized King George VI – the present Queen’s father – as Head of the Commonwealth. The London Declaration also renamed the organization as the Commonwealth of Nations, marking the birth of the “New Commonwealth” which became predominately composed of countries which no longer owed allegiance to the Crown, but accepted the monarch as “a symbol of the free association of [the] independent member nations.” 

     But according to Robert Hardman, no one said anything about passing the title on. When Elizabeth II succeeded her father in 1952, the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, sent her a telegram welcoming her as Head of the Commonwealth, and everyone simply followed along (which technically means that this was the only position to which Elizabeth was “elected”). Back then, it was probably difficult to think of anyone else succeeding to that title. Britain still had many imperial possessions around the world in 1952, and there were probably conflations between the Empire and the Commonwealth, with many people believing that the new Queen ought to have the same international standing as her predecessors.

     61 years on, Elizabeth II has certainly enjoyed an international status affording to few other world leaders thanks to her role in

The personal flag of Elizabeth II which she uses in her role as
Head of the Commonwealth, especially when traveling in
Commonwealth countries that are not realms of the Crown.

the Commonwealth. Most Commonwealth countries and leaders have expressed their appreciation for the Queen as Head of the Commonwealth. They have direct lines of communication to the Queen (meaning that they do not have to go through the British government), and she has visited almost every Commonwealth country. The leaders also appreciate the fact that she takes a keen interest in the affairs of the organization as well as individual member states, but upon the Queen’s death, they will have to decide who will succeed to the title. Given the historic link between the Crown and the Commonwealth, it is easy to assume that Prince Charles will be selected to succeed his mother, but again, this is not a given.

     The Prince of Wales’s appearance at the CHOGM can therefore be seen as preparing the ground for him to succeed to his mother’s title. His address opening the summit was not so much a campaign speech as it was a declaration of his hopes and aspirations for the future of the Commonwealth. The speech was also his own statement of support for the organization, which he praised for its ability to evolve to meet the needs of its members. Charles called on the nations of the Commonwealth to increase cooperation in creating solutions to vital issues such as poverty, climate change, economic development, and connectivity among people. He invoked the aforementioned Jawaharlal Nehru (with whom he shares a birthday), who believed that the Commonwealth ought to provide a “touch of healing” to solving the problems facing the modern world. Avoiding any direct mention of the political issues currently swirling around Sri Lanka, the Prince instead praised the island nation for its strength and character following the 2004 tsunami.

     Respecting the delicate balance of tense political issues is part of the job for the Head of the Commonwealth, who must represent unity and be above the fractious political fray. While the politicians in attendance (including Prime Minister Cameron) were seen jeered and heckled by some protesters, Charles and Camilla received a warm reception. The closest encounter with politics occurred behind the scenes in the form of the one-on-one discussions the Prince had with each of the prime ministers and presidents – just as the Queen would do if she had been there.

     Later at the banquet – held in a ballroom named the King’s Court – Prince Charles shared his personal connections with the Commonwealth and its people, such as when Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana gave Charles a set of bow-and-arrows, and he had the audience in laughter over a story about water-skiing with Dom Mintoff from Malta (which was announced as the host for the next CHOGM in 2015).

     The banquet and the opening ceremony also featured the appearance of the Commonwealth Mace, a gift given to the Queen by the Royal Anniversary Trust in 1992 upon the occasion of the 40^th year of her accession. With 18 karats of gold and the enameled flags of the Commonwealth countries decorating it, the mace appears to represent the power of the Crown at an organization where the top job is technically not a Crown office.

     Nevertheless, before this summit, leaders were already expressing some support for continuing the link with the Crown.

Julia Gilliard, the Queen's 12th Australian
Prime Minister, who was also the first female
prime minister of the country.

Back in March, the then Australian Prime Minister, Julia Gilliard, gave her own tribute to the Queen, and stated that she was “sure the Queen’s successor as monarch will one day serve as Head of the Commonwealth with the same distinction as Her Majesty has done.” On Commonwealth Day that month, Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma acknowledged the Queen’s service as the Head of the Commonwealth, applauded Charles’ role in the organization, and elaborated on “a foundation of friendship and continuity” in association with the royal family. He also stated that the “Crown has symbolized the free association of our nations and our peoples.” In her response, the Queen said that she appreciated the “kind and generous sentiments, and for [the] thoughtful words about the link between the Crown and the Commonwealth and its enduring value.” At the Commonwealth banquet, Sharma went on to say that the support given by Prince Charles “deepens the Commonwealth’s links to the Crown. Such heartfelt enthusiasm brings a foundation of friendship and continuity.”

     The Commonwealth – this club of former imperial relations means a lot to the Queen, who has done much to keep it together in 

Kamalesh Sharma, the
Commonwealth Secretary-General.

spite of squabbles between members (especially during the disputes with South Africa's apartheid policy). The bi-annual summit helps to bring the peoples of the far-flung Commonwealth together and to achieve greater cooperation and understanding amongst each other, resulting in ever-closer relationships among peoples and their respective countries. It is also a celebration of commonly-shared aspirations and values, as well as the hopes for a brighter future in voluntary association with one-another. It is the Queen, as Head of the Commonwealth, who helps to provide a sense of stability and continuity for the organization and its people, which helps to strengthen deep bonds. Commonwealth leaders have expressed their desire to stay together and to use the organization as a vehicle for providing assistance to countries like Sri Lanka that are through political and social difficulties.

     And with his presence at the CHOGM, Charles may have gone a long way in carrying on his mother’s legacy by securing the position of Head of the Commonwealth when his time comes.




Photo Credit: GovernmentZA via Flickr cc, Bastin8 via Wikimedia Commons cc, Foreign and Commonwealth Office via Flickr cc, DilatoryRevolution via Wikimedia Commons cc  

Sources:

• Hardman, Robert. Her Majesty: Queen Elizabeth and Her Court. New York: Pegasus Books. 2012. Print (Page 336).

Hereditary Head of the Commonwealth?

     One of the Queen’s titles is Head of the Commonwealth – that is, the Commonwealth of Nations. Elizabeth regards this role as one of her most important, as she and the Commonwealth have grown together over the last six decades. She takes the role seriously and has a passionate interest in Commonwealth affairs. As such, she has been credited as being the glue that has kept the organization together. And if the Queen – as reported by the Daily Mail last Sunday – gets her way, it will be ensured that the title will be handed down to all of her successors. 

Background

The British Empire at its height in 1921 – the largest empire in history.

     The Commonwealth of Nations is an intergovernmental organization of 54 countries with over 2 billion people, mostly former colonies of the British Empire. The Commonwealth was gradually born from the Empire as colonies gained self-governance and independence from London. Up to 1949, British monarchs evolved from being the unitary head of the Empire to being the head of state of all independent countries within the British Commonwealth of Nations. In that year, Ireland voted to become a republic, an action which automatically severed its membership in the organization, and India was expressing republican sentiments as well, but did not want to break all ties with the British monarch and the other Commonwealth countries. So new membership criteria was drawn up in London which allowed members to be republics, so long as they recognized King George VI – the present Queen’s father – as Head of the Commonwealth. The London Declaration also renamed the organization as the Commonwealth of Nations, marking the birth of the “New Commonwealth” which became predominately composed of countries which no longer owed allegiance to the Crown, but accepted the monarch as “a symbol of the free association of [the] independent member nations.”

 

The Commonwealth of Nations. All member states recognize Elizabeth II as Head of the Commonwealth, but the red countries are the members of the organization that share allegiance to Elizabeth and her heirs and successors as head of state (and are informally known as Commonwealth Realms). The blue countries are the members that either have their own indigenous monarchies, or are republics. Many of them were once independent realms, including India, Pakistan, Kenya, and South Africa.

     But according to Robert Hardman, no one said anything about passing the title on. When Elizabeth II succeeded her father in 1952, the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, sent her a telegram welcoming her as Head of the Commonwealth, and everyone simply followed along (which technically means that this was the only position to which Elizabeth was “elected”). In my opinion, back then it was hard to think of anyone else succeeding to that title. Britain still had many imperial possessions around the world in 1952, and there were probably conflations between the Empire and the Commonwealth, with many people believing that the new Queen ought to have the same international standing as her predecessors.

So What’s Next?

     61 years on, most Commonwealth countries and leaders have expressed their appreciation for the Queen as Head of the Commonwealth (for regularly visiting Commonwealth countries and taking a keen interest in the affairs of the organization as well as individual member states), but upon the Queen’s death, they will have to decide who will succeed to the title.

The personal flag of Elizabeth II which she uses in her role as
Head of the Commonwealth, especially when traveling in
Commonwealth countries that are not realms of the Crown.

Given the historic link between the Crown and the Commonwealth, it is easy to assume that Prince Charles will be selected to succeed his mother, but again, this is not a given. If however, the Daily Mail is correct in its reporting, it appears that the Queen wants to use the monarchy’s present popularity to get Commonwealth leaders to make Head of the Commonwealth a hereditary title to be passed on to Charles, William, the new baby Prince George, and future successors.

     This comes at a time when the Queen is appearing to make a smooth and gradual transition from her to Charles, with the prince increasingly taking on some of his mother’s ceremonial duties and sitting by her side at the State Opening of Parliament back in May. Earlier this year, it was announced that for the first time since 1973, she would not attend the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which is being held on November 15-17 in Sri Lanka, and that Charles would be deputizing for her. This has been seen as preparing Charles for kingship, boosting his profile in the Commonwealth, and making it more likely for him to succeed to 

The 5th and current Commonwealth
Secretary-General, Kamalesh Sharma.

the Queen’s title when the time comes. And Commonwealth leaders have been expressing some support for continuing the link with the Crown. On Commonwealth Day in March, Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma acknowledged the Queen’s service as the Head of the Commonwealth, applauded Charles’ role in the organization, and elaborated on “a foundation of friendship and continuity” in association with the royal family. He also stated that the “Crown has symbolized the free association of our nations and our peoples.” In her response, the Queen said that she appreciated the “kind and generous sentiments, and for [the] thoughtful words about the link between the Crown and the Commonwealth and its enduring value.”

Julia Gilliard, the Queen's 12th Australian
Prime Minister, who was also the first female
prime minister of the country.

Later that month, the then Australian Prime Minister, Julia Gilliard, gave her own tribute to the Queen, and went further than many Commonwealth leaders by stating that she was “sure the Queen’s successor as monarch will one day serve as Head of the Commonwealth with the same distinction as Her Majesty has done.” 

     So it would appear that with Charles taking his mother’s place at CHOGM, he may go a long way to securing the position of Head of the Commonwealth for himself. But when he arrives in Sri Lanka this November, might he also be able to secure an automatic succession for all of the Queen’s heirs and successors to this prominent international position as well? The Daily Mail has pointed out that the Commonwealth’s website has removed a line stating that the role of Head of the Commonwealth “does not pass automatically to her heir.” It still says that succession is not “automatic” and that Commonwealth Heads of Government will choose future Heads of the Commonwealth. But by removing specific reference to the Queen’s heir, it may be possible that there could be a gradual pivot to the title becoming hereditary in some form, even if that means going through a selection process as a formality.

     In my opinion, it is usually unwise to open a debate on a topic such as this, because it opens the Crown itself to a debate

The Queen reportedly wants to have to issue of
the succession settled before her reign ends.

which often features unscrupulous republican-minded figures. I do not mind an informed and constructive discussion on the merits of a British monarch being the symbolic figurehead of an organization that has become increasing diverse in its composition, but there are anti-monarchists will inevitably attempt to undermine the monarchy in the countries where the Crown still holds authority. Perhaps it would be preferable to leave the system as it is, and to make Charles, William, George, and future heirs work for the title. If however, Commonwealth leaders decide against Charles, who will succeed to the title?

No crowns or royal shields. The Commonwealth flag
represents the fact that the Commonwealth is not a
hereditary Crown institution, and that being
Head of the Commonwealth is separate and
distinct from that of being monarch.

In the 1990's, when the monarchy was plagued with divorces, scandals, and the death of Diana, there were rumblings about making Nelson Mandela the next Head of the Commonwealth. But the monarchy has since recovered its standing, and Commonwealth leaders have been speaking in generally positive terms about the link between the Crown and the Commonwealth. At any rate, the issue of succeeding to the title must be addressed either now or later, and by addressing the issue now – while the monarchy is riding high on public confidence – and potentially forever linking the Crown with being Head of the Commonwealth (albeit keeping the two positions distinct and separate), it will likely save many headaches and much wrangling when the Queen's reign ends.

Photo Credit: Alkari via Wikimedia Commons cc, Foreign and Commonwealth Office via Flickr cc, DilatoryRevolution via Wikimedia Commons cc

Sources:

• Hardman, Robert. Her Majesty: Queen Elizabeth and Her Court. New York: Pegasus Books. 2012. Print (Page 336).