Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, OM, AC, CC, OJ, GCStJ, QC, GCH, BR, RSO, NPK (18 July 1918 — 5 December 2013) |
Today, the world has lost a true fighting soul who helped to bridge divides to forge the unity of a nation. Nelson Mandela was a man who changed the course of our history – first by being the face of the cruelty imposed by the apartheid regime in South Africa, then by being the reconciling man who worked tirelessly to overcome deep seated bitterness and hatred for the good of South Africa, and finally as the father of a nation emerging from decades of strife and conflict, with the intention of moving on to create a better society for all people.
As Head of the Commonwealth, Elizabeth II knows South Africa and knew Mandela very well. Her first overseas visit was to South
George VI and Queen Elizabeth in South Africa with their daughters Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret. |
However, in a foreboding sign of things to come, the South African government prevented its king from pinning medals on black serviceman, some of whom had fought for the Empire during the Second World War. George VI was said to have been hostile toward these actions, but as a constitutional monarch, he had no choice but to follow the instructions of his government in South Africa.
A sign keeping non-white people out of a beach area in Durban. |
Throughout the apartheid era – and Mandela’s
imprisonment – several Commonwealth countries (especially those in Africa, the
Caribbean, and Asia) protested against the South African segregationist
policies by imposing sanctions and boycotting athletic competitions with teams
fielded by the country. They also wanted the Commonwealth to present a united
front against apartheid, and desired to have organization-wide embargoes against
South Africa. However, the British government under Margaret Thatcher refused
to go along with the wishes of much of the Commonwealth, and continued to have
links with the South African government. This resulted in a mass boycott of the
1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, which had the fewest number of attending
athletes since the Games in 1950.
Mandela as he appeared at the time of his imprisonment in 1962. |
The Queen was said to be sympathetic to the plight
of the black majority in South Africa (a country so close to her heart), as well as the desire of many
Commonwealth countries to do something about it. Some accounts go as far to say
that Queen privately expressed
her frustration at Thatcher’s stance on the
apartheid issue, for the Queen feared that the controversy would ultimately
tear the organization apart. Yet like her father, she was unable to make her
personal feelings known, and so we may never know exactly how she felt about
Thatcher, South Africa, and the apartheid issue. However, we do know that
Elizabeth II is passionate about the Commonwealth and keeping it together
whilst Thatcher did not have such feelings for the organization, and so it’s
entirely possible that the two women had frank discussions on issues at stake,
including that of Nelson Mandela’s imprisonment.
Anti-apartheid protest in the 1980's. |
When Mandela was finally released in 1990 after 27
years, he and his African National Congress (ANC) political party were allowed
to take part in the South African political process, which marked the end of
apartheid and the beginning of full democracy. In the following year, Mandela
was personally invited by the Queen to attend the heads of government banquet
at the 1991 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Zimbabwe. He had been
invited as an observer by Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe, but was not
originally included among the dignitaries at the banquet hosted by the Queen
because he was only the leader of the ANC (and not a head of government) and South
Africa was not a member of the Commonwealth. But the Queen, possibly sensing
the tide of history, told the Secretary-General, “Let’s have him.” This
treatment by the Queen towards Mandela possibly helped to legitimize Mandela as
a genuine figure with whom business could be done, as opposed to the view of him
as a terrorist by the likes of Margaret Thatcher. It was also the beginning of
a strong personal friendship between Mandela and the Queen.
Following Mandela’s election and inauguration as the
first black president of South Africa in 1994, one of his first acts was to
restore the country’s place within the Commonwealth of Nations, where today it
is a key member. He also sent a letter to the Queen in which he invited her to
South Africa for a state visit in the following year. In it, he addressed the
Queen as “Madam” (as opposed to “Your Majesty”) and concluded with: “You will
be most welcome. NR Mandela.”
Mandela was determined to re-establish South Africa's connections with the Commonwealth. |
The result was one of the most poignant and emotional events of
the Queen’s reign: the moment when she arrived in South Africa for the first
time in nearly fifty years. At Port Elizabeth, she was greeted by President Nelson Mandela as she
disembarked from the Royal Yacht Britannia.
Due to the often fractious relationship between the Thatcher government and the Commonwealth during apartheid, it was feared that residual bitterness might envelop the Queen’s visit. As it was, the Queen, as Mandela predicted, was received warmly by cheering and enthusiastic crowds, some of whom held up signs saying, “THANK YOU FOR COMING BACK.”
According to Sally Bedell Smith, “Mandela believed that the Commonwealth’s anti-apartheid stance had been vital [in ending apartheid], as was the Queen’s role in keeping the organization unified.” In fact, there had been back-channel communication between the organization and Mandela during his imprisonment, and so Mandela knew of the Commonwealth efforts to put pressure on South Africa to end apartheid (and perhaps also knew of the Queen’s personal opinions on the matter).
Following that momentous 1995 visit, the Queen sent
a hand-written thank-you letter in which she addresses him in the beginning
with the usual greeting of, “Dear Mr. President,” but signed off with the more
personal ending of, “Your sincere friend, Elizabeth R,” (as opposed to the
usual “Your good friend, Elizabeth R”).
A year later, the Mandela returned the favor by accepting the Queen’s invitation for a state visit in the United Kingdom. There, he was greeting by tens of thousands of Britons who cheered him and the Queen on as they shared in a carriage procession to Buckingham Palace. Following this came a lunch at which Mandela stated his admiration for “this gracious lady”, to which the Queen praised him as “this wonderful man.” She later paid tribute to Mandela at the state banquet by saying that he was the head of a country that “has a special place in my heart and in the hearts of the British people.”
Instead of hosting a return dinner the following night, Mandela decided to throw a “Two Nations” concert at the Royal Albert Hall that included many musical talents, including South African performers such as Hugh Masekela. During a performance by the all-male a cappella singing group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Mandela got up to dance to the music. He was followed Prince Philip, Prince Charles, and the Queen, who as noted by the Daily Telegraph, had “seldom been known to boogie in public.” During the visit, the Mandela presented the Queen with a silk scarf, whilst Prince Philip was given a chess set of African warriors.
It is also noteworthy that among the world leaders the Queen has known over the decades, Mandela was likely one of the few to know her on a more informal basis. According to Robert Hardman, by 1999, Mandela was staring his correspondence with, “Dear Elizabeth”, and signing them off with, “Please accept, Your Majesty, the assurances of our highest esteem, Nelson.” He also referred to her as “my dear friend, Elizabeth”, and it does indeed appear that Mandela and the Queen had a good relationship based on mutually personal respect for each other. When Mandela and the Queen crossed paths, it was like a meeting between two long-time friends. When one thinks about, in their own way, they have loved and served their respective countries. It does not appear to be known whether the Queen herself referred to Mandela as “Nelson” or more personally by his tribal name, “Madiba.” However, there can be no doubt that his death is personal for the Queen in a way that is normally reserved for close friends and relatives.
The Queen was eager to have Mandela for a state visit to the UK. |
A year later, the Mandela returned the favor by accepting the Queen’s invitation for a state visit in the United Kingdom. There, he was greeting by tens of thousands of Britons who cheered him and the Queen on as they shared in a carriage procession to Buckingham Palace. Following this came a lunch at which Mandela stated his admiration for “this gracious lady”, to which the Queen praised him as “this wonderful man.” She later paid tribute to Mandela at the state banquet by saying that he was the head of a country that “has a special place in my heart and in the hearts of the British people.”
Instead of hosting a return dinner the following night, Mandela decided to throw a “Two Nations” concert at the Royal Albert Hall that included many musical talents, including South African performers such as Hugh Masekela. During a performance by the all-male a cappella singing group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Mandela got up to dance to the music. He was followed Prince Philip, Prince Charles, and the Queen, who as noted by the Daily Telegraph, had “seldom been known to boogie in public.” During the visit, the Mandela presented the Queen with a silk scarf, whilst Prince Philip was given a chess set of African warriors.
It is also noteworthy that among the world leaders the Queen has known over the decades, Mandela was likely one of the few to know her on a more informal basis. According to Robert Hardman, by 1999, Mandela was staring his correspondence with, “Dear Elizabeth”, and signing them off with, “Please accept, Your Majesty, the assurances of our highest esteem, Nelson.” He also referred to her as “my dear friend, Elizabeth”, and it does indeed appear that Mandela and the Queen had a good relationship based on mutually personal respect for each other. When Mandela and the Queen crossed paths, it was like a meeting between two long-time friends. When one thinks about, in their own way, they have loved and served their respective countries. It does not appear to be known whether the Queen herself referred to Mandela as “Nelson” or more personally by his tribal name, “Madiba.” However, there can be no doubt that his death is personal for the Queen in a way that is normally reserved for close friends and relatives.
This writer hopes that the Queen will be attending
the state funeral for Mandela. She normally does not attend the funerals of
politicians, but has made exceptions for people considered to be transformative
figures, such as when she appeared at the state funerals for Winston Churchill
in 1965 and Margaret Thatcher earlier this year. The Palace has emphasized that
“long-haul” travel for the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh will be reviewed on
a case-by-case basis. If the Queen is invited, hopefully the Palace will deem
this to be trip worth taking, as I believe it is.
Nelson Mandela was indeed a transformative figure
who changed the world for the better. He inspired millions with his actions of
resistance to oppression and later by his gestures of healing and reconciliation.
Whatever anger and bitterness he had was overcome with a determination to let
bygones be bygones, forgive his oppressors, and work toward building a new
South Africa in which the rights and dignities of all people would be respected
– an approach unlike those of several post-colonial black leaders. He did what
he believed was right, and had the courage and will to do so, and that will be
is lasting legacy.
As an American, I can certainly appreciate the parallels between the struggles against Apartheid in South Africa and Jim Crow in the States. The two movements fed off of each other, and led to a better world of racial justice and equality.
My personal thoughts and prayers are with Nelson Mandela's family and the people of South Africa, who gave us a truly great and iconic man who will forever live in our hearts and minds, as well as in the arc of history, which as Martin Luther King, Jr. said, “bends toward justice.”
As an American, I can certainly appreciate the parallels between the struggles against Apartheid in South Africa and Jim Crow in the States. The two movements fed off of each other, and led to a better world of racial justice and equality.
My personal thoughts and prayers are with Nelson Mandela's family and the people of South Africa, who gave us a truly great and iconic man who will forever live in our hearts and minds, as well as in the arc of history, which as Martin Luther King, Jr. said, “bends toward justice.”
May he, the Great Emancipator of South Africa, rest in peace.
Tributes to Nelson Mandela from the Royal family
Earlier this morning, Buckingham Palace released the
following statement:
The Queen was deeply saddened to learn of the death of Nelson Mandela last night. He worked tirelessly for the good of his country, and his legacy is the peaceful South Africa we see today.
Her Majesty remembers with great warmth her meetings with Mr. Mandela and sends her sincere condolences to his family and the people of South Africa at this very sad time.
Prince Charles also offered his own tribute:
Mr Mandela was the embodiment of courage and reconciliation. He was also a man of great humour and had a real zest for life. With his passing, there will be an immense void not only in his family's lives, but also in those of all South Africans and the many others whose lives have been changed through his fight for peace, justice and freedom.
The world has lost an inspired leader and a great man. My family and I are profoundly saddened and our thoughts and prayers are with his family.
And finally, Last night, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were attending the premiere of Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom and were informed of Mandela’s death following the screening. Before leaving the theater, Prince William said that it was “obviously extremely sad and tragic news. We’re just reminded of what an extraordinary and inspiring man Nelson Mandela was, and my thoughts and prayers are him and his family.”
Sources:
Hardman, Robert. Her Majesty: Queen Elizabeth and Her Court. New York: Pegasus Books. 2012. Print (Page 97, 143-144, 301, 315).
Smith, Sally Bedell. Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch. New York: Random House. 2012. Print (Pages 38, 350-351, 383-384, 388-389).
Photo Credit: South Africa The Good News via Wikimedia Commons cc, Robert Cutts via Flickr cc, Guinnog via Wikimedia Commons cc, Paul Weinberg via Wikimedia Commons cc, lasanta.com.ec via Flickr cc, Lzur via Wikimedia Commons cc
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